A lot of
confusion on making an osage bow comes from getting the back into 1 growth
ring. First we must understand what a tree is made of (keeping in mind I am not
a botanist). Of course we are all familiar with the bark. It is what we see on
the outside of the tree. The bark is like a coat surrounding the internals,
keeping everything inside protected.Bark comes in yearly layers and gets
thicker with age. Bark is generally dark in color.
Next we have the sapwood. It can be thin or thick, as it also comes in layers.
Sapwood is generally a creamy white color.
Next comes a series of layers of early wood and late wood with a layer of each
being added each year. The early wood is generally a lot thinner and lighter in
color than the late wood and is actually quite pourous and crumbly.
Depending on climatic conditions (soil quality, amount of moisture, sun, ets)
these layers can be close together, far apart, close on 1 side and far apart on
the other side.Any number of combinations. Ideally I look for 9 growth rings
per inch and the lighter early wood ring only being 1/4th as wide as the darker
late wood ring. However most osage we find is not like that. We make do.
Here is a look at a section of tree which illustrates all of the above. Note
bark on top, followed by white sapwood, followed by light early ring, dark late
ring,light early ring, dark late ring and so forth
When making a bow our goal is to remove the bark, the sapwood and at least one
early ring leaving the entire "back" of the stave into 1 dark late
ring.
Using a
draw knife we remove the bark, and sapwood, removing it as we work down the
stave. As you draw knife you will see the white sapwood getting thinner and
thinner, and some of the early wood getting thinner until you start seeing some
yellow. Once you start seeing yellow you must be careful not to dig in any
deeper, but to try and scrape so that you remove "most of the white"
while leaving "most" of the yellow. The problem with a newbie chasing
a ring with a drawknife is it takes some modicrum of angle control with the
drawknife not too dig in too deep. Hold the blade at the right angle and it
shaves wood, hold it at too steep an angle and it digs and can destroy that
which we seek. Practice and experience will serve you well here.
This picture shows some of the bark removed, several layers of the sapwood
removed, some of the first early wood removed and some of the first late wood
(yellow...highlighted in pencil in the lower left side of the pic)
----------
Being
careful with the drawknife we work our way down the stave, removing more and
more of the early wood, leaving more andmore of the late wood. In this pic I
outlined the light colored earlywood with the pencil. As you can see most of
the visible wood on the left hand side of the stave is in the yellow late wood
ring while the right side is still in the light colored early wood.
NOTE: the 2 woods have entirely different feeling under the drawknife or
scraper. The early wood is crumbly and brittle and makes a scraping sound that
is easy to hear under the blade of your scraper or drawkinfe, while the late
wood is hard and slick and makes almost no noise under the blade.
--------------------
In this
picture it is really easy to see the yellow late ring (at the top of the pic),
several layers of the sapwood (at the bottom of the pic) and the one layer of
early wood in the middle of the pic. It is the stuff that is white and looks
like it has tiny holes in it. There is a thin layer of this between each layer
of late wood and it is important that you learn to recognize and feel it as you
are working on the wood.
Sometimes
as we work our way down the stave you will find "pools" of the light
colored early wood that doesn't come off with the rest. This is generally
because there is a trough or low spot in the wood that your draw knife or
scraper glides over. Can you see it in this picture?
here I've outlined it in pencil making it easy to see
--------------
If you
tried to dig this out with your draw knife or a square edged scraper, chances
are you would violate rings on either side of it and have to start all over
scraping your back into the next late ring below the next early ring. We try to
avoid that. In this case we would use a curved scraper called a gooseneck
scraper to dig out that little pocket of early wood.
-------------
By being
careful, using good light to "see where we are" on the stave,
removing everything but the first good late ring, using a goosseneck to scrape
out the low spots or around knots in the end we end up with a piece of wood
with it's entire "back" into one solid late wood ring on which to lay
out our bow.
------------------
Sometimes
the rings just under the sapwood are too tight, too tightly packed, to go for
the first late wood ring and we may have to go down 4 or 5 latewood rings to
find we find suitable.In this case we start at one end of the stave and work
our way down to the last early wood ring above our desired late wood ring and
then take the entire back dow to that early wood ring. Coming back later to
remove that thin crumbly early wood ring revealing our late wood back ring.
The ring just above the black arrow would be our desired ring in this piece of
wood
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Having your wood into 1 solid late ring is the number one foundation block for making a durable bow. there is nothing that is as important, not good tillering techniques or design or finish or lack of tools marks. Without a good back your bow is doomed to failure. Master this little task and you can build good bows of nearly any design from nearly any wood.
Glad you
are enjoying this too..this is fun. Ready for some more?
Finding good clean straight osage with no blemishes is like finding a super
model that likes how you look and the fact that you hunt and kill things ie:
it's dag gone rare. Most likely you are going to end up dealing with some
"issues" (in the wood and with the model ha ha)
Here are a couple of the problems with osage:
Knots..you can have a pretty serious knot ANYWHERE on the stave..on an edge, in
the middle, in a limb tip or where you are going to lay out your handle. They
can be solid or they can be rotten and pukey. The solid ones we work around,
the pukey ones we dig out and fill with a 2 part epoxy and sawdust mix. The
grain in osage will run around a knot like the water in a stream runs around a
rock. Remember you must follow the grain where ever it goes. If it swirls
around a knot, so must you.
--------------------
Then
there are pin knots..these tiny little boogers are a pain in the rump, and the
cause of much consternation. Lop off their heads and the bow may crack on you
there. If they are on the edge, you bow may crack on you there. Try to keep
your pin knots in the same growth ring as your back.
Pin knots are the tiny brown dots in the center and often come in clusters or
groups
You will want to keep an eye on pin knots in a finshed bow and if you see any
cracks radiating from them, hit them with some CA glue and sinew wrap it right
quick.
-----------------
The
inconspicuous holes in this sapwood was caused by wood borers or the larvae of
a wasp. As they grow they will eat down thru the sapwood often into the
heartwood for several growth rings.
Generally you can get below them, but it will cause you more work in the
process, forcing you to go to deeper rings than you may have anticipated
nasty little boogers. This is caused by storing wood outside unprotected where
the wasps can get to them to bore and lay their eggs. If you must store your
wood outside, spray it liberally with bug killer like a diazanon type spray.
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Osage may
look straight, and we look for the straightest we can cut, but even "stove
pipe straight" looking osage has a way of fooling you and won't be all
that straight once you get it cut, split into quarters, hauled up out of the
woods, sealed and dried in your shed. That straight piece of sage you cut in
February may have one or more of these "issues" when you dig it out
to work on it the following December
It may have a crook in one end
if the stave is long enough, this may be cut off. If not you have to deal with
it. On this piece a plumb bob shows the tip comes back in line with the other
tip so we will ignore it. Or you may have to use steam to get it in line.
--------------------
It may
have a bend in the middle where your handle is supposed to go
or it may be crooked all over
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or the
piece may have some "prop twist" named for the tilt on an airplane
propellor blade. This is where the wood is twisted and not perpendicular to 90
degrees flat when viewed from the end
These are all common problems that the budding bowyer must learn to deal with.
Most can be corrected with steam, dry heat (heat gun) a caul, or a big ol
crescent wrench with a 2x4 propped under the handle
--------------------
When
drying in the shed even if it has been sealed sometimes the wood will do what
they call "check" on the end. Check is a fancy bowyer word for crack
This check went 6 rings down in the wood and several inches deep
if you anticpate this and cut your wood 72" long even though you are
planning a 64 or 66" bow then when you are ready to build you can lop off
the checked piece
If you don't anticipate, all of a sudden your plans for a 66" bow turn
into plans for a 60" bow ..OOPS!
--------------------
Sometimes
if you force dry your stave too quickly OR do not seal the back well enough it
will develop drying checks (there's that check word again). This is where
moisture in the wood escapes by opening up a crack right in the middle of the
wood along the back. As long as the checks/cracks run with the grain you can
still use the wood and make a bow, but if the checks run off the edge of the
grain it's doomed. Here is a long check in a bows back that runs with the grain
and is safe (although it's ugly)
also notice if you will the pin knot in the top of the wood and the crack that
is radiating out of it. This is what I was talking about watching for in a
previous post. Dang pesky pin knots.
--------------------
Wow if
your still with me thus far you are probably wondering if it is all worth it
and why not just call up a custom glass bowyer and order a bow?
Like Killdeer used to say (at least I think it was Killdeer) "we do these
things not because they are easy, but because they are hard"
There is a certain satisfaction we get from taking a piece of wood and turning
it into a functional bow and hopefully taking game with it, as it has been done
for thousands of years. Making your own bow is not for everyone but if you have
the desire, you can develop the skills and be ultimately rewarded.
--------------------
Ok I'll
go down and lay one out, but let me lay out some foundations here. Like I said
above there are dozens of different bow layouts and different woods have
different requirements. All basic measurements for widths are taken from a
centerline which follows the crown or the grain.
here are some recommended widths for different woods commonly used in making
bows
This is for a bow 66"-68" tip to tip bow,with a rigid handle and
fades, for up to 28" draw, for draw lengths longer than 28" add
2" in bow length for every inch of draw.
White Ash ...1 3/4"
Black Locust ...1 5/8"
Elm ... 1 7/8"
Hickory ... 1 3/4"
Maple ... 1 3/4"
Osage ... 1 1/4"
Red oak ... 1 7/8"
white Oak ... 1 3/4"
and here's a handy chart for measuring different widths from each side of the
centerline
Limb Widths
2" ...1" from center
1 3/4" ...7/8" from center
1 1/2" ...3/4" from center
1 1/4" ...5/8" from center
Handle widths
1" ... 1/2" from center
7/8" ... 7/16" from center
3/4" ... 3/8" from center
Limb tip widths
5/8" ...5/16" from center
1/2"... 1/4" from center
3/8" ... 3/16" from center
Most bows are layed out with a 1" wide handle and 1/2" wide tips...so
it's easy just to remember those two measurements from center..1/2" for
the handle and 1/4" for the tips.
-------------------
Clint
that could make a pretty neat bow actually...even though it is S shaped it
appears that the handle and tips may actually line up?
--------------------
LOL Adam
strange that you should say that as I was just going to show that very thing.
Follow along.
Here we are going to lay out a bow on the back of an osage stave. This stave is
not in the final growth ring (as Adam alluded to) and you'll see in the photos
it says "not 1 ring" written on it in pencil. This does 2 things (1)
you can draw freely on the stave, erase if you have to, change your mind and
change the design without worrying about the back and (2) by cutting off all
excess wood you only have to scrape the minimum into 1 growth ring.
This is my favorite design in a rigid handled osage bow, 65 1/2" tip to
tip, 64" ntn 4" handle 2" fades 1 1/4" at fades tapering
straight to 1/2" tips. If you cut your string slots 3/4" from each
tip you end up with exactly 64" nock to nock leaving just enough wood for
some nicely shaped tips.
Since I'm doing this for the camera I used a magic marker for my lines, if you
were doing it in pencil the lines would me much thinner and crisper.
-------------------
We start
with a stave cut off to 65 1/2" end to end
on here we are going to put a centerline the length of the stave following the
crown. If the stave is straight enough you can snap a centerline with a
carpenters chalk line and actually I could have done that on this one but it
wouldn't show up in the pictures very well so I hand drew the line.
--------------------
Next we
are going to find the center of the stave lengthwise which on our 65 1/2"
stave would be 32 3/4" from each end
be sure and flip your ruler over and measure to the other end to verify you are
in the middle
if you are on the same mark draw a line across the stave and mark with a C
Our
handle is going to be 4" long so we measure up 2" from the centerline
and down 2" from the center line and mark it
our handle is going to be 1" wide so from the long centerline we are going
to measure out 1/2" at each end and mark those
--------------------
Now
connect all the lines and we have our handle box
For our 2" fades we measure up and down another 2" from the ends of
our handle box and mark it then measure out 5/8" from our long centerline
to get our limb width of 1 1/4"
--------------------
connect
your lines and you'll have your fades and handle box marked out
since we are tapering straight to our 1/2" tips we head down to the ends
of our stave and from the long centerline we measure out 1/4" on each side
--------------------
next
connect the corners of your fades to the marks on each side of the centerline
at the end of your stave and your bow will be laid out
sometimes if the stave is clean enough this can be done with a straight edge
and sometimes you just have to measure out from the centerline making dots as
you go and connect the dots and sometimes as in the crook in the end of this
stave you just have to free hand it.
A plumb bob shows on this particular stave the tips and the handle are pretty
much going to line up and not require much "adjustment" later
--------------------
Now like
Adam said you can drawknife down to just outside the lines or take it to a
bandsaw and cut it outside the lines trying to keep the stave
"square" as best you can. You can rasp or file it down to your exact
lines later.
BTW the little clear ruler you saw me using came from a fabric store and has a
ruler on each side measuring out from a center hole making equal measurements
on each side of a centerline a snap.
--------------------
Ok gents,
lets finish up this layout..this time the side profile
Ok remember what I said about symmetry earlier? Everything we do to one side or
end we do to the other side or end so all the marks we see being made in the
following instructions will be made to both sides and to both limbs.
We've drawn the out line on the back of our pie shaped stave. The next step is
to put it in the vice back down and trim off some of the excess. Drawknife the
belly until the stave is an even 2" thick
full length
-----------------
Next trim
the sides of the stave to just outside the lines you laid out on the back. This
will make your sides flat and bright yellow
Next put your stave in the vice on 1 side (note at this point you should be
using soft or padded jaws on your vice so as not to dig into any of your
surfaces)and extend your lines from your handle and fades to the sides of the
stave
-------------------
now from
your handle line measure up from the back 1 1/2" and make a mark
and at your fade marks measure up from the back 3/4" and make a mark
------------------
now
connect your lines which will form your handle and fades(technically the dips
on the belly side)
Next measure up from the back 3/4" about every 6" or so and make a
mark down the length of your limbs with the last one being at the tip
--------------------
Now
here's a trick that is very important..notice how I am holding the pen with the
tip at the end of the fade and have my index finger laying along the back of
the stave. Lock your hand in this position and using your index finger as a
guide run the pen towards the tip. It should make a perfect line 3/4" from
the back no matter how lumpy or wavey the back. The dots you made will serve as
a check as you work your way to the tip
--------------------
Notice
how the line follows that little dip in the back out towards the tip (right
below the yardstick in the pic)
*** Now make identical lines on the other side of your stave...make sure all
measurements are taken from the BACK of your stave ***
Next take your draw knife and draw remove the wood down to your lines
------------------
Do the other half and all of a sudden that big piece of
wood we started with is looking an awful lot like a bow
We have the bow cut to near outline, we have the handle cut to 1 1/2"
deep, we have the dips initially shaped and we have the limbs drawn down to
3/4" thick, close to where they will start bending a little bit if we push
on them. Pretty cool huh? See I told you it wasn't rocket science.
Grab a piece of wood and have fun gentlemen!
2 things
I forgot to mention, and both have to do with draw knifing to outline...I think
it's visible in the pic, but I did not cut out (narrow) my handle yet, but
rather cut straight across leaving the handle full width. I will narrow the
handle a little later. It's just easier to draw knife straight across and it
will fit in the tiller tree better.
Secondly down where that crook on the tip is I let the grain decide where it
wanted to cut and did not worry about cutting down close to the line yet in
that spot. Don't want the drawknife to dig in and tear out a chunk and maybe
ruin the tip. As you further reduce wood both on belly and sides it will pretty
much show you where it wants to go. If you want it to go somewhwere else, you
can't do that with a draw knife, but can do it with a file. Clear as mud?
--------------------
This
morning I carefully took this bow down to our outline using drawknife, file (in
the crook on the tip) and scraper. Since this was a stave that was not in 1
growth ring for the back we must remember to go back and scrape it into that
single growth ring before reducing the limb thickness any further. Notice how
much less wood we have to get into 1 ring, compared to getting a whole stave
into 1 ring. On this one I'm using a scraper.
-------------------
Ok gents,
lets finish up this layout..this time the side profile
Ok remember what I said about symmetry earlier? Everything we do to one side or
end we do to the other side or end so all the marks we see being made in the
following instructions will be made to both sides and to both limbs.
We've drawn the out line on the back of our pie shaped stave. The next step is
to put it in the vice back down and trim off some of the excess. Drawknife the
belly until the stave is an even 2" thick
full length
-------------------
Next trim
the sides of the stave to just outside the lines you laid out on the back. This
will make your sides flat and bright yellow
Next put your stave in the vice on 1 side (note at this point you should be
using soft or padded jaws on your vice so as not to dig into any of your
surfaces)and extend your lines from your handle and fades to the sides of the
stave
-----------
now from
your handle line measure up from the back 1 1/2" and make a mark
and at your fade marks measure up from the back 3/4" and make a mark
--------------------
now
connect your lines which will form your handle and fades(technically the dips
on the belly side)
Next measure up from the back 3/4" about every 6" or so and make a
mark down the length of your limbs with the last one being at the tip
--------------------
Now
here's a trick that is very important..notice how I am holding the pen with the
tip at the end of the fade and have my index finger laying along the back of
the stave. Lock your hand in this position and using your index finger as a
guide run the pen towards the tip. It should make a perfect line 3/4" from
the back no matter how lumpy or wavey the back. The dots you made will serve as
a check as you work your way to the tip
--------------------
Notice
how the line follows that little dip in the back out towards the tip (right
below the yardstick in the pic)
*** Now make identical lines on the other side of your stave...make sure all
measurements are taken from the BACK of your stave ***
Next take your draw knife and draw remove the wood down to your lines
--------------------
Do the
other half and all of a sudden that big piece of wood we started with is
looking an awful lot like a bow
We have the bow cut to near outline, we have the handle cut to 1 1/2"
deep, we have the dips initially shaped and we have the limbs drawn down to
3/4" thick, close to where they will start bending a little bit if we push
on them. Pretty cool huh? See I told you it wasn't rocket science.
Grab a piece of wood and have fun gentlemen!
2 things
I forgot to mention, and both have to do with draw knifing to outline...I think
it's visible in the pic, but I did not cut out (narrow) my handle yet, but
rather cut straight across leaving the handle full width. I will narrow the
handle a little later. It's just easier to draw knife straight across and it
will fit in the tiller tree better.
Secondly down where that crook on the tip is I let the grain decide where it
wanted to cut and did not worry about cutting down close to the line yet in
that spot. Don't want the drawknife to dig in and tear out a chunk and maybe
ruin the tip. As you further reduce wood both on belly and sides it will pretty
much show you where it wants to go. If you want it to go somewhwere else, you
can't do that with a draw knife, but can do it with a file. Clear as mud?
--------------------
This morning I carefully took this bow down to our outline using drawknife, file (in the crook on the tip) and scraper. Since this was a stave that was not in 1 growth ring for the back we must remember to go back and scrape it into that single growth ring before reducing the limb thickness any further. Notice how much less wood we have to get into 1 ring, compared to getting a whole stave into 1 ring. On this one I'm using a scraper
One of
the really nice thing about laying bows out this way, is that from either
centerline ..the perpendicular one or the longitudinal one, whatever you do to
one side of the stave you do exactly the same thing to the other end of the
stave..up 2" one way...down 2" the other way, out 1/2" on 1
side...out 1/2" on the other side. This symmetry will come into play later
as well in that you'll be able to shoot this bow from the right side from the
left side, upside down and right side up, and with equal length limbs it will
be easier for your eye to read the tiller on the tiller tree.
--------------------
Some
bowyers like Dean Torges prefer different length limbs because of the pressures
exerted on the limbs by your release hand AND they feel it "carry's
better" when you are walking.This can be accomplished in 2 ways..
(1) find your perpendicular centerline and mark your center..measure up 1
1/2" on one side and down 2 1/2" on the other side and there's your
4" handle, then draw equal length fades 1 1/2" or 2"..whatever
Jawge Tsoukalas does it a little differently by altering the length of the
fades. He finds his center of the stave measures up 2" and down 2"
for his 4" handle section, then makes one fade 1 1/2" long and the
other fade 2 1/2" long thereby making one working limb longer than the
other (Jawge please correct me if I am wrong)
This forces you to designate an upper and lower limb prior to tillering and to
tiller keeping that in mind knowing that your lower limb must be the stiffer of
the two limbs
--------------------
Another
thing to keep in mind here. I am a self confessed wood hack, and know very
little about the actual physics of bowyery. I can't quote Elmer or any of the
physics PHD's and am out of most discussions about such things pretty early in
the game.I build wooden bows that have for me and some others been dependable
and have been successful in taking game. My claim to fame is that I know how to
take pictures and can explain things that beginners can pretty much understand
and follow.
Guys like Dean and Adam and David and Lennie etc know, understand and have
forgotten more about building wooden bows than I'll ever know.
That's my disclaimer
--------------------